🇹🇲 Turkmenistan

Authoritarian one-party-dominant republic under family rule

Power passed from father to son in a stage-managed 2022 election, while Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow retains a constitutional role above the presidency. The state runs a pervasive personality cult, ranks at the bottom of press-freedom indices and restricts exit from the country. It holds the world's fourth-largest gas reserves, exported mainly to China, and its massive methane leaks draw international attention.